40. What does the author think of intellect?

[A] It is second to intelligence.

[B] It evolves from common sense.

[C] It is to be pursued.

[D] It underlies power

【何凯文阅读分析方法】

问题一:如何区分观点和实事

1、包含有观点词的句子一定是观点

观点词:idea;argue

2、包含有主观价值判断的句子一定是观点

一般是:主语+be+adj

3、包含有情态动词(need、may、should);祈使句、虚拟语气一定是观点。

问题二:如何确定作者观点?

1、文中无人认领的观点,一定是作者观点。

2、某人、某书、某组织+观点词+观点

⑴、作者支持=作者观点

⑵、作者反对≠作者观点

⑶、不表态,可能是作者观点,也可能不是作者观点。

3、文章中出现对立的两个观点,作者要么会支持某一方,要么没观点保持中立。

4、Few+观点词+观点,是作者观点。(没人认为,作者就认为)

5、I+观点词+观点

第一段:

①Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect.

(事实)

②Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.

(事实)

③Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.

(事实)

④Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.

(观点,主语+be+adj,包含有主观价值判断。)

第一段观点:反文化在学校不难发现。

(书中无人认领的观点一定是作者观点,但是作者是反对还是支持无法判断出来。)

第二段:

①“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.”

(观点,包含有观点词,某人说,某书说,某组织说,都是观点句)

②Ravitch’s latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

(观点,道理同上)

第二段观点:

①学校总是在实践方面比知识更重要,学校应该保持平衡。

②他们不是美国人厌恶对智力的追求的平衡。(翻译不通顺,尽量保持第一翻译感觉)

处理后:他们想保持这种对智力追求的平衡。

①②整理后:R这个人的观点,希望学校追求智力。

第三段

①But they could and should be.

(包含有情态动词,一定是观点)

(文中无人认领的观点,一定是作者观点,该作者观点是对第二段观点的肯定。)

②Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.

(实事,其实这句话也算是观点句,但是一篇文章中,不缺名副其实的观点句,这句话忽略不影响的。)

③Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.

(观点,包含有情态动词)

(无人认领的观点,一定是作者观点)

④Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”

(观点,某人说的话)

第三段总结:

①同意第二段的观点,希望学校追求智力。(作者观点)

③没有批判思维,他们无法参与民主生活。(作者观点)

④继续走老路,我们会变成二流国家。

(换成自己的话,老路指的是反对学知识,注重实践。)

①②④整理后:应该追求知识。

第四段:

①“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.

(观点,某人写的)

②From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

(观点,某人说的)

第四段总结:

①智力被作为一种特权和力量形式所厌倦。

②实用性比课本学的有用

①②总结:Hofstadter认为,实践更重要

(别人说的无法确定是不是作者所认同的)

第五段总结:

①Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.

(观点,某人说的)

②Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.

(实事,本句话是个例子。)

第五段总结:

①在教室背书到最后什么也不知道

①整理:反对学知识。

第六段:

①Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire.

(观点,带有主观价值判断,主语+be+adj)

(无人认领的观点,是作者的观点)

②Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.

(事实)

③Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.

(事实)

整理①:智慧不同于天生的智力

第七段:

①School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.

(事实)

②Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

(观点)

整理②:Hofstadter的观点

(这里并不知道是不是作者的观点)

【做题小技巧】

一个人说的观点不会变来变去,所以你如果理解之前他的观点,那他说的这句话不用看了,一定和之前的观点一样。

【整理作者的观点】

1、反文化在学校不难发现。

2、同意第二段的观点,希望学校追求智力,没有批判思维,他们无法参与民主生活。

3、智慧不同于天生的智力

答案选择C

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