1、当医生从天而降：缓解医生供给限制对死亡率的影响
摘要：这篇论文描述了一个与尼日利亚政府协调进行的政策实验的结果。在这个实验中，一些社区被随机挑选出来接受一位新医生。这些医生被派往当地的公共卫生中心。在他们到达之前，医疗服务是由中级保健提供者（MLP）提供的。为了区分（表面上更高的）医生质量和数量的影响，另一组社区获得了额外的中级保健提供者。第三组社区没有得到额外的工作人员。没有提供其他投入。我发现，在有医生的社区，死亡率有明显的下降，但在被指派中级医务人员的社区，死亡率却没有下降，这表明医疗保健部门的质量是一个重要的制约因素。
Abstract：This paper describes the results of a policy experiment conducted in coordination with the Nigerian government. In this experiment, some communities were randomly selected to receive a new doctor. These doctors were posted to the local public health center. Prior to their arrival, health care was provided by midlevel health-care providers (MLP). To separate the effect of (ostensibly higher) quality from that of quantity, another group of communities was provided with an additional midlevel provider. A third group of communities received no additional workers. No other inputs were provided. I find a measurable decrease in mortality in communities assigned a doctor but not in communities assigned an MLP, suggesting that quality in the health-care sector is a significant constraint.
论文原文：Okeke, E. N. (2023). When a Doctor Falls from the Sky: The Impact of Easing Doctor Supply Constraints on Mortality. American Economic Review, 113(3), 585-627.
2、放弃财富：德克萨斯州油气租赁中的拍卖与非正式谈判
摘要：本文比较非正式谈判的油气租赁和通过集中拍卖获得的租赁的结果。我们重点关注德克萨斯州，在20世纪初的立法决策中，将成千上万的相邻地块分配给不同的矿产分配机制。我们的研究表明，在几十年后意外开始的水力压裂繁荣时期，拍卖租赁产生的前期支付至少比谈判租赁高55％，产量也高出40％。这些结果表明，在传统上以非结构化方式分配的市场中，包括规模更大的3万亿美元的私有矿产市场，采用集中的正式机制可能会带来巨大的潜在收益。
Abstract：This paper compares outcomes from informally negotiated oil and gas leases to those awarded via centralized auction. We focus on Texas, where legislative decisions in the early twentieth century assigned thousands of proximate parcels to different mineral allocation mechanisms. We show that during the fracking boom, which began unexpectedly decades later, auctioned leases generated at least 55 percent larger up-front payments and 40 percent more output than negotiated leases did. These results suggest large potential gains from employing centralized, formal mechanisms in markets that traditionally allocate in an unstructured fashion, including the broader $3 trillion market for privately owned minerals.
论文原文：Covert, T. R., & Sweeney, R. L. (2023). Relinquishing Riches: Auctions versus Informal Negotiations in Texas Oil and Gas Leasing. American Economic Review, 113(3), 628-663.
3、经济联盟中的党派关系和财政政策：来自美国各州的证据
摘要：州长的党派立场会影响美国联邦财政政策的有效性。通过选举数据，我们发现党派之间在联邦政府间转移支付的边际倾向上存在差异：共和党州长的支出比民主党州长低。相应地，由共和党领导的州的债务较低，（推迟的）税收较低，最初的经济活动也较低。在货币联盟中，一个党派州的新凯恩斯模型意味着有着相当大的总体效应：如果共和党州长像民主党州长一样支出，政府间转移影响乘数将上升0.58，但由于延迟减税，共和党州长越多，政府间转移影响乘数就越高，产生一种跨时间的政策权衡。
Abstract：Partisanship of state governors affects the efficacy of US federal fiscal policy. Using close election data, we find partisan differences in the marginal propensity to spend federal intergovernmental transfers: Republican governors spend less than Democratic governors. Correspondingly, Republican-led states have lower debt, (delayed) lower taxes, and initially lower economic activity. A New Keynesian model of partisan states in a monetary union implies sizable aggregate effects: The intergovernmental transfer impact multiplier rises by 0.58 if Republican governors spend like Democratic governors, but due to delayed tax cuts, the long-run multiplier is higher with more Republican governors, generating an intertemporal policy trade-off.
论文原文：Carlino, G., Drautzburg, T., Inman, R., & Zarra, N. (2023). Partisanship and fiscal policy in economic unions: Evidence from us states. American Economic Review, 113(3), 701-737.
4、为时不晚：改善青少年的学业成绩
摘要：对于经济困难学生的学术成绩提高一直是个挑战，尤其是对于年龄较大的儿童。本文介绍了两个规模较大的随机对照试验，测试在芝加哥中学实施大规模辅导计划的效果。其中一个创新之处是使用辅导员来降低成本，从而提高可扩展性。参加数学辅导可以将数学测试分数提高0.18至0.40个标准差，并提高数学和非数学课程的成绩。这些效果持续到未来几年。数据与个性化教学增加的机制一致。成本效益比与许多成功的幼儿计划相当。
Abstract：Improving academic outcomes for economically disadvantaged students has proven challenging, particularly for children at older ages. We present two large-scale randomized controlled trials of a high-dosage tutoring program delivered to secondary school students in Chicago. One innovation is to use paraprofessional tutors to hold down cost, thereby increasing scalability. Participating in math tutoring increases math test scores by 0.18 to 0.40 standard deviations and increases math and non-math course grades. These effects persist into future years. The data are consistent with increased personalization of instruction as a mechanism. The benefit-cost ratio is comparable to many successful early-childhood programs.
论文原文：Guryan, J., Ludwig, J., Bhatt, M. P., Cook, P. J., Davis, J. M., Dodge, K., & Stoddard, G. (2023). Not too late: Improving academic outcomes among adolescents. American Economic Review, 113(3), 738-765.
5、对 “美联储信息效应 “的另一种解释
摘要：私营部门宏观经济预测修订的回归对货币政策意外的解释通常与标准宏观经济模型的符号相反。 “美联储信息效应” 认为这些令人困惑的结果是由于货币政策意外揭示了美联储的私人信息。我们表明这些结果也与 “新闻反应” 渠道一致，其中美联储和专业预测员都会对经济新闻作出反应。我们提供了支持 “新闻反应” 渠道的新证据，同时挑战 “美联储信息效应”，包括：回归控制经济新闻，我们对专业预测员的调查，以及 FOMC 声明对金融市场的影响。
Regressions of private-sector macroeconomic forecast revisions on monetary policy surprises often produce coefficients with signs opposite to standard macroeconomic models. The “Fed information effect” argues these puzzling results are due to monetary policy surprises revealing Fed private information. We show they are also consistent with a “Fed response to news” channel, where both the Fed and professional forecasters respond to incoming economic news. We present new evidence challenging the Fed information effect and supporting the Fed response to news channel, including: regressions that control for economic news, our own survey of professional forecasters, and financial market responses to FOMC announcements.
论文原文：Bauer, M. D., & Swanson, E. T. (2023). An alternative explanation for the “fed information effect”. American Economic Review, 113(3), 664-700.
6、主观绩效评价、影响活动和官僚主义工作行为：来自中国的证据
摘要：主观的绩效评估可能会诱发影响活动：员工可能会把太多精力放在取悦评估者上，而不是朝向组织本身的目标努力。我们在中国地方公务员中进行了一项随机场实验，以研究影响活动的存在和影响。我们发现，公务员确实参与了评估人员特定的影响，以影响评估结果，部分形式是将工作努力重新分配到对评估人员更重要和更可观察的工作任务上。重要的是，我们表明，引入关于评估者身份的不确定性可以阻止评估者特定的影响活动，并提高官僚工作绩效。
Subjective performance evaluation could induce influence activities: employees might devote too much effort to pleasing their evaluator, relative to working toward the goals of the organization itself. We conduct a randomized field experiment among Chinese local civil servants to study the existence and implications of influence activities. We find that civil servants do engage in evaluator-specific influence to affect evaluation outcomes, partly in the form of reallocating work efforts toward job tasks that are more important and observable to the evaluator. Importantly, we show that introducing uncertainty about the evaluator’s identity discourages evaluator-specific influence activities and improves bureaucratic work performance.
论文原文：de Janvry, A., He, G., Sadoulet, E., Wang, S., & Zhang, Q. (2023). Subjective Performance Evaluation, Influence Activities, and Bureaucratic Work Behavior: Evidence from China. American Economic Review, 113(3), 766-799.
7、通过倾斜的语言劝说：来自媒体对移民报道的证据
摘要：本文研究了倾斜语言的说服效果，利用美联社（AP）新闻电线对具有政治色彩的术语“非法移民”禁令。我们的实证策略将禁令的时间与媒体机构在其基线上依赖AP新闻的变化相结合。我们证明了禁令从AP新闻到媒体机构的大量扩散。此外，接受当地媒体影响的个人支持限制移民政策的比例显著降低。这种影响在温和派和移民人数较少的地区更加显著，且不会转移到其他问题的看法上。
Abstract: I study the persuasive effects of slanted language, exploiting a ban on the politically charged term “illegal immigrant” by the Associated Press (AP) news wire. My empirical strategy combines the timing of the ban with variation across media outlets in their baseline reliance on AP copy. I document sizable diffusion of the ban from AP copy to media outlets. Moreover, individuals exposed to the ban through local media show significantly lower support for restrictive immigration policies. This effect is more pronounced for moderates and in locations with fewer immigrants, and does not transfer to views on issues other than immigration.
论文原文：Djourelova, M. (2023). Persuasion through Slanted Language: Evidence from the Media Coverage of Immigration. American Economic Review, 113(3), 800-835.
8、非线性定价与利用不足：一个多部分关税的理论
摘要：我们研究了一种非线性定价策略，即使用者产生收入的商品的定价，且买家可以自由支配。最优价格策略是多部分收费，包括买家支付零边际价格的层。我们将我们的模型应用于数字商品，其中广告、数据生成和网络效应使使用价值高，但监测合法使用是不可行的。我们的研究结果解释了常见的定价方案，包括免费产品、免费试用和无限制订阅。免费支配的可能性损害了生产者和消费者的福利，使其对基于使用的收入和需求的变化变得不那么敏感。
Abstract：We study the nonlinear pricing of goods whose usage generates revenue for the seller and of which buyers can freely dispose. The optimal price schedule is a multi-part tariff, featuring tiers within which buyers pay a marginal price of zero. We apply our model to digital goods, for which advertising, data generation, and network effects make usage valuable, but monitoring legitimate usage is infeasible. Our results rationalize common pricing schemes including free products, free trials, and unlimited subscriptions. The possibility of free disposal harms producer and consumer welfare and makes both less sensitive to changes in usage-based revenue and demand.
论文原文：Corrao, R., Flynn, J. P., & Sastry, K. A. (2023). Nonlinear Pricing with Underutilization: A Theory of Multi-part Tariffs. American Economic Review, 113(3), 836-860.
***
—— 更新的文章总是被大家错过！——
—— 点开主页加唧唧堂星标好嘛！——
限 时 特 惠： 本站每日持续更新海量各大内部创业教程，一年会员只需98元，全站资源免费下载 点击查看详情
站 长 微 信： lzxmw777
