冬奥专栏
冬
奥
项
目
今日介绍最后几个大项“雪车（Bobsleigh）”“雪橇（Luge）”“冰球（Ice Hockey）”“冰壶（Curling）”。其中雪车大项含雪车（Bobsleigh）和钢架雪车（Sketelon）两个分项。
A Brief Introduction to
Winter Olympic Sports (III)
冬奥会运动项目简介（下）
译/孟洁冰
Bobsleigh
雪车
Bobsleigh is a winter sport invented by the Swiss in the late 1860s in which teams make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled. In 1924, a four-man race took place at the first ever Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix. A two-man event was added at the 1932 Lake Placid Games in a format that has remained to the present. The first women’s bobsleigh event—the two-woman bobsled—was held in 2002.
雪车是19世纪60年代末瑞士人发明的冬季运动，参赛队伍乘坐雪车，在重力作用下沿着狭窄弯曲、两侧设有护墙的冰面滑道滑下，并计算时间。1924年，男子四人赛成为首届沙莫尼冬奥会的比赛项目。1932年的普莱西德湖冬奥会新增了男子双人赛项目，这个项目持续至今。女子双人赛在2002年作为首项女子雪车运动进入冬奥会。
Tracks are made of concrete, coated with ice. They are required to have at least one straight section and one labyrinth (three turns in quick succession without a straight section). Ideally, a modern track should be 1,200to 1,300 metres long and have at least fifteen curves. Speeds may exceed 120 kilometres per hour. Some bobsleigh tracks are also used for luge and skeleton competition.
雪车的滑道以混凝土建成，表面浇冰，至少包括一个直道和一个迷宫形赛道（连续出现三个转弯而没有直道）。理论上，现代雪车赛道长度应为1200到1300米，全程至少设有15个弯道。雪车的滑行速度可能超过每小时120公里。有些雪车赛道也可用于雪橇和钢架雪车比赛。
Individual runs down the course, or “heats”, begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to 50 metres (160ft) before boarding. Over the rest of the course, a sleigh’s speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, runners, the condition of the ice, and the skill of the pilot.
选手要从出发开始“加速”，推动雪车奔跑50米（160英尺）的距离，然后快速登上雪车滑行。在后面的赛道上，雪车的速度取决于自身重量、空气动力、滑橇板、冰面状况和舵手的能力。
Race times are recorded in hundredths of seconds, so even seemingly minor errors—especially those at the beginning, which affect the remainder of the heat—can have a measurable impact on the final race standings.
雪车比赛的时间计算精确至百分之一秒，所以即使看似很小的失误（尤其是影响后面赛程的出发失误），对最终的比赛排名都有明显的影响。
中国队参赛名单：邵奕俊、史昊、李纯键、王思栋、申可、金坚、耿文强、王超
（中国雪车队于2015年正式成立。平昌冬奥会，中国队首次获得雪车项目的奥运会参赛资格，包括两个男子双人车参赛资格和一个男子四人车参赛资格。）
Skeleton
钢架雪车
Skeleton is a winter sport featured in the Winter Olympics where the competitor rides head-first and prone (lying face down) on a flat sled. Like luge, the sport involves racing a sled down an icy track. Unlike luge, skeleton sleds are ridden face first. It is normally run on an ice track that allows the sled to gain speed by gravity. It was first contested at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz and again in 1948 Winter Olympics, after which it was discontinued as an Olympic sport. Skeleton was reintroduced at the 2002 Winter Olympics, with both men’s and women’s events, and has been held in each Winter Olympic competition since. Skeleton is so-named as the first metal sleds introduced in 1892 were said to resemble a human skeleton. It is considered the world’s first sliding sport.
钢架雪车是冬奥会特有的一项运动，选手头朝前俯卧在平板雪车上进行比赛。像雪橇一样，这个项目也是在雪车上沿着冰道滑行，不同的是，钢架雪车采取头部朝前的姿势，通常允许雪车通过自身重力在冰道上加速。这项运动在1928年圣莫里茨冬奥会上首次亮相，并再度出现在1948年冬奥会上，此后被取消。钢架雪车在2002年重返冬奥会，设立男子个人项目和女子个人项目，此后成为历届冬奥会的正式比赛项目。据说，钢架雪车是因1892年的第一架金属雪车的造型类似人类骨架而得名。这项运动被认为是全世界第一个滑行项目。
The format for Olympic skeleton involves two timed runs. The top men and women from the first run compete in the second run, which is held later that same day. The combined time of the two runs determines the final standings.
奥运会的钢架雪车比赛包括两轮计时赛。第一轮比赛中成绩最好的男女运动员晋级第二轮，第二轮比赛在当天晚些时候举行。两轮比赛的成绩相加，决定最终的选手排名。
The sled can only be ridden in the prone position (face first, on the stomach), and although the rider can leave the sled to push or move it, he or she must cross the finish line on the sled in order for the run to be considered valid.
在钢架雪车比赛中，选手只能以俯卧（头部向前、腹部朝下）姿态滑行，虽然可以离开雪车，推动或移动雪车前进，但是选手通过终点线时必须在雪车上，否则成绩无效。
Warming the sled’s metal runners or using any substance that improves sliding is prohibited. At the start of the race, the temperature of the runners must be within 4°C of the reference runner, which is exposed to the open air for one hour before the start of the competition.
比赛中禁止加热雪车的金属冰刃，也不准用任何提高滑行速度的材料。在比赛开始时，参赛雪车冰刃的温度与参考冰刃的温度相差不得超过4摄氏度，参考冰刃在比赛开始前放在室外一个小时。
中国队参赛名单：耿文强
（2018年1月，我国钢架雪车运动员耿文强获得平昌冬奥会参赛资格，这是我国在该项目上首次获得奥运会参赛席位。截至今日截稿，耿文强已结束比赛，最终获得第13名。另外，我国短跑名将张培萌已确定转项钢架雪车。）
Luge
雪橇
Luge is one of the oldest winter sports. It involves competitors lying on their backs on a tiny sled with their feet stretched out in front of them, and racing down an icy track at speeds in the range of 140 km/h, without brakes. As well as the singles, there is a pairs event, with the larger of the two team members lying on top for better aerodynamics. Unlike bobsleigh, however, luge riders have no protection should they make an error.
雪橇是最古老的冬季运动之一。在比赛中，选手仰面躺在小型的雪车上，双脚朝前，无制动器沿冰面滑道滑下，最高时速可达每小时140公里。除了单人赛以外，雪橇还有双人比赛，两位参赛选手中身材高大的运动员躺在后面，以更好地利用空气动力。然而与雪车不同的是，如果雪橇选手出现失误的话，得不到任何保护。
In 1964, luge made its Olympic debut, at the Innsbruck Games, with a mixed event, a men’s event and a women’s event. The programme has not changed since then. Since 1976, this sport has taken place on the same track as bobsleigh.
1964年，雪橇在因斯布鲁克冬奥会上首次亮相，该届奥运会举行了混合双人赛和男子、女子单人赛。此后这个项目没有发生过变化。1976年以来，雪橇比赛与雪车使用同一赛道。
The sport of luge requires an athlete to balance mental and physical fitness. To become an elite luger, a competitor must begin training at an early age and spend decades honing their skills. Physically, a luger must have strong neck, upper body, abdominal, and thigh muscles. Strength training is essential to withstand the extreme G-forces of tight turns at high speeds. Since lugers have very little protection other than a visor and helmet, they must be able to endure the physical pounding administered by the track when mistakes are made.
雪橇运动要求运动员拥有均衡的身体素质和心理素质。要想成为优秀的雪橇选手，运动员必须从小开始训练，用数十年时间进行技能训练。在身体素质方面，雪橇选手必须有强壮的颈部、上身、腹肌和大腿肌肉。力量训练对选手承受高速急转弯的极限离心力至关重要。因为除了带面罩的头盔以外，雪橇选手使用的保护装备很少，所以一旦出现失误，他们必须能够承受赛道上的身体撞击。
（中国队未获得平昌冬奥会参赛资格。）
Ice Hockey
冰球
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent’s net to score points. The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical, with teams usually consisting of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team.
冰球是一项在冰上进行的接触性团体运动，通常在室内冰场举行比赛，两支球队的选手使用球杆把硬橡胶冰球打入对方球门得分。这项运动以比赛节奏快和身体冲撞而出名，通常每支球队有六名球员上场，包括一名守门员，五名选手在冰场上来回滑行，争夺冰球，进球得分。
Six-a-side men’s ice hockey has been on the programme of every edition of the Winter Games since 1924 in Chamonix. Women’s ice hockey was accepted as an Olympic sport in 1992, and made its official debut in 1998 in Nagano.
1924年沙莫尼冬奥会以来，男子六人制冰球一直是历届冬奥会的比赛项目。女子冰球在1992年被列为冬奥会比赛项目，1998年在长野冬奥会上首次正式亮相。
Within certain restrictions, players may redirect the puck with any part of their body. Players may not hold the puck in their hand and are prohibited from using their hands to pass the puck to their teammates, unless they are in the defensive zone. Players are also prohibited from kicking the puck into the opponent’s goal, though intentional redirections off the skate are permitted. Players may not intentionally bat the puck into the net with their hands.
在特定的限制内，选手可以用身体任何部位改变冰球的运动方向。但是选手不准用手抓住冰球，也不能用手把冰球扔给队友，除非他们位于防守区。虽然准许选手有意用冰鞋改变球的方向，但不准把冰球踢入对方的球门。选手不能用手把冰球打入球网。
（中国队未获得平昌冬奥会参赛资格。）
Curling
冰壶
Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles. Two teams, each with four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called rocks, across the ice curling sheet towards the house, a circular target marked on the ice. Each team has eight stones. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end, which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones. A game usually consists of eight or ten ends.
冰壶是选手在冰面上把石壶掷向四个同心圆组成的目标区的一项运动。比赛由两支队伍参加，每队各有四名队员，轮流掷出花岗岩抛光制成的沉重石壶（也称为“石球”），穿过“冰道”，滑向冰面的圆形目标“营垒”。每支队伍可以掷出八个冰壶，目的是获得每场比赛的最高分；两支队伍掷出所有的石壶为一局，每局结束后，石壶接近营垒圆心的队伍得分。一场比赛通常由八到十局组成。
The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides, and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet, using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone. Sweeping a rock makes it curl less, and decreases the friction that slows the rock down. A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation, and the skills of the curlers determine how close to the desired result the stone will achieve. This gives curling its nickname of “chess on ice”.
冰壶选手可以让冰壶在滑行时缓慢转动，两位手持刷子的刷冰员跟随冰壶沿冰道前进，使用刷子在前方的冰面上擦拭，进一步调整冰壶的滑行路线，从而使冰壶走曲线。刷冰可以降低冰壶的旋转速度，并减少冰面的摩擦力，而摩擦力是导致冰壶滑行放缓的原因。冰壶比赛需要采用诸多策略和团队合作，选择不同情况下冰壶的理想路线和位置，冰壶选手的能力决定了冰壶最终距离与预期目标的远近。这也让冰壶获得了“冰上象棋”的美称。
中国队参赛名单：王芮、王冰玉、周妍、刘金莉、麻敬宜、姜馨迪、巴德鑫
（中国队在女子和混双两个小项中获得了2018平昌冬奥会冰壶大项的参赛资格，中国男队在落选赛中折戟。）
（中英对照部分选自《英语世界》冬奥增刊）
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