名句：
Where the distribution of incomes is such as to enable all classes of the nation to convert their felt wants into an effective demand for commodities, there can be no over-production, no under-employment of capital and labour, and no necessity to fight for foreign markets. . . .
The struggle for markets, the greater eagerness of producers to sell than of consumers to buy, is the crowning proof of a false economy of distribution. Imperialism is the fruit of this false economy. . . .
The only safety of nations lies in removing the unearned increments of income from the possessing classes, and adding them to the wage-income of the working classes or to the public income, in order that they may be spent in raising the standard of consumption.
——John A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (1902)
当（某地区）收入分配的方式使得国家各阶层都能够将其感知到的需求转化为对商品的有效需求，这种情况下就不会出现过度生产、资本和劳动力的闲置以及为争夺外国市场的必要性。。。
争夺市场，生产者对售卖产品的渴望超过消费者购买商品的意愿，这是分配不公的最终证明。帝国主义就是这种分配不公的结果。。。
国家的唯一安全在于剥夺占有阶级的非劳动所得，并将其加到工人阶级的工资收入或公共收入中，以便用于提高消费水平。
——约翰.A.霍布森：《帝国主义研究》(1902年)
一、重难点词汇：distribution
distribution[ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən] (n.) – the way in which something is shared out among a group or spread over an area
中文释义：分配；分布
例句：The distribution of wealth in the country is extremely unequal.（这个国家的财富分配极不均衡。）
commodities
commodities[kəˈmɒdətiz] (n.) – a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
中文释义：商品
例句：The country exports a wide range of commodities, including oil and timber.（该国出口了包括石油和木材在内的各种商品。）
over-production
over-production [ˌəʊvə prəˈdʌkʃən] (n.) – the production of more of a product than is wanted or needed
中文释义：过度生产
例句：The company faced financial difficulties due to over-production and falling demand.（公司由于过度生产和需求下降而面临财务困难。）
under-employment
under-employment [ˌʌndər ɪmˈplɔɪmənt] (n.) – the condition in which people in a labor force are employed at less than full-time or regular jobs or at jobs inadequate with respect to their training or economic needs
中文释义：就业不足
例句：The under-employment rate in the region has been a cause for concern.（该地区的就业不足率令人担忧。）
但文中的意思应该是“不充分的利用”，employ的本义除了“雇佣”，还有“利用之意”——
employ employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] (v.) – to make use of; to use something for a particular purpose or to use someone to do a particular job
中文释义：雇用，利用
例句：The company decided to employ new technology to improve productivity.（公司决定利用新技术来提高生产率。）
5.imperialism
imperialism [ɪmˈpɪəriəlɪzəm] (n.) – a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means
中文释义：帝国主义
例句：The country's history is marked by a period of imperialism and colonial expansion.（这个国家的历史是帝国主义和殖民扩张的时期。）
6、increments
increments [ˈɪnkrɪmənts] (n.) – small increases or additions in quantity, value, or extent
中文释义：增量
例句：The employee received annual increments in his salary.（这个员工每年都会得到薪资的增长。）
7、unearned increments
unearned increments [ˌʌnˈɜːnd ˈɪnkrɪmənts] (n.) – increases in value or wealth that are not the result of effort or work
中文释义：不劳而获的增值
例句：The landlord was accused of benefiting from unearned increments in property values.（这个房东被指控从房产价值的不劳而获的增值中获益。）
8、crowning proof
crowning proof [ˈkraʊnɪŋ pruːf] (n.) – the ultimate or most convincing evidence of something
中文释义：最终证据
例句：The discovery of DNA as the genetic material was the crowning proof of the theory of evolution.（DNA作为遗传物质的发现是进化论的最终证据。）
9、necessity
necessity [nɪˈsɛsɪti] (n.) – something that is required or indispensable; a condition or situation in which something must be done
中文释义：必要性
例句：The construction of new roads became a necessity due to the increasing traffic in the area.（由于该地区交通量不断增加，修建新的道路成为了必要。）
二、重难点句子
（1）句子 “Where the distribution of incomes is such as to enable all classes of the nation to convert their felt wants into an effective demand for commodities”，
这里的 “is such as” 是一个复杂的句式结构，用来表达”是这样的”的意思。它是一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词 “distribution”，在这个从句中，”such as”引导了一个描述性的从句，用来说明收入分配的情况。
这个句子的结构是一个由”where”引导的定语从句，修饰名词”distribution”。”Where”在这里引导了一个描述地点或条件的从句，用来进一步解释前面提到的名词。整个句子的意思是：当收入分配的情况使得国家各阶层的人都能够将其感受到的需求转化为对商品的有效需求时。
（2）句子 “the greater eagerness of producers to sell than of consumers to buy”，
这是一个比较结构，用来比较生产者和消费者的行为。
在这个句子中，”the greater eagerness”是主语，”of producers to sell”和”than of consumers to buy”是两个并列的介词短语，用来比较两者之间的不同。整个句子的意思是：生产者更渴望出售商品，而消费者并不那么急于购买。
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