BBC总裁托尼•霍尔为FT撰文，他认为，假新闻已经成为牟取经济或政治利益的工具，面对这场危机，我们不能只是被动应对。
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假新闻日益强大
The BBC was issued with a D-notice, a gagging order, last week to silence its reporting of the gilets jaunes protests in France. Or so you might believe if you followed reports on social media. This story was entirely false. But it’s a sign of how powerfully momentum gathers behind misinformation — or deliberate attempts to mislead — that we have received freedom of information requests demanding “the truth”.
英国广播公司(BBC)不久前收到了一份国防机密通知(D-notice)，也就是限言令，要求其不再报道法国的“黄背心”抗议活动——如果你是在社交媒体上看新闻，你可能会相信有这么回事。这条消息完全不实。但已有主张信息自由的人们要求我们公布“真相”，这表明以讹传讹的错误资讯或刻意捏造的虚假资讯已经形成了一股多么强大的力量。
①momentum [mə’mentəm]n. 势头；动力；冲力
例句：This campaign is really gaining momentum.这场运动确实势头正猛。
Who is behind such reports? What do they hope to gain? To answer we need to look at the technology that has profoundly transformed our media environment. And to recognise that, while many fake news stories might seem laughable, the effects are deadly serious.
散布这些消息的是谁？他们希望达到什么目的？要回答这些问题，我们需要审视已经深刻改变媒体环境的技术。并且要认识到，尽管很多假新闻看似可笑，其影响却极为严重。
假新闻从何而来
Last year, in India, an estimated 10 people were killed by lynch mobs after inflammatory reports about child abduction gangs spread rapidly on WhatsApp. A video blamed as the catalyst purported to show CCTV footage of a child being snatched by two men on a motorbike. It turned out to be a cleverly edited clip from a Pakistani child safety campaign.
去年，印度约有10人被暴民以私刑杀死，起因是WhatsApp上迅速传播的关于儿童绑架团伙的煽动性报道。被指为事件催化剂的是一段视频，据称该视频是一名儿童被两名骑着摩托车的男子抓走的监控录像。而事实上这是用巴基斯坦的一部儿童安全宣传片精心剪辑出的视频片段。
②inflammatory [ɪn’flæmət(ə)rɪ]adj. 炎症性的；煽动性的；激动的
例句：She described his remarks as irresponsible, inflammatory and outrageous.她称他的话不负责任、具煽动性且极端无礼。
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In Nigeria, police say false information and incendiary images on Facebook have contributed to more than a dozen recent killings in an area torn by ethnic violence. This month Nigerians go to the polls amid growing tensions. A BBC investigation highlighted that Facebook’s partners in Nigeria had just four full-time fact checkers to review false information, on a platform used by 24m Nigerians.
在尼日利亚，警方表示，在一个被种族暴力撕裂的地区，Facebook上的假消息和煽动性图片成为近期十多起杀人事件的诱因。本月，尼日利亚人将在日益加剧的紧张局势中迎来大选。BBC的一项调查显示，Facebook在尼日利亚的合作伙伴只为这个有2400万尼日利亚人使用的平台配备了4名审查假消息的全职事实核查员。
③incendiary [ɪn’sendɪərɪ]n. 燃烧弹；纵火犯，放火者；煽动者adj. 煽动的；放火的，纵火的
例句：A shower of incendiaries struck the Opera House.阵雨般的燃烧弹击中了歌剧院。
In Myanmar, Facebook has removed hundreds of pages and accounts that were part of a systematic, anti-Rohingya propaganda campaign.
在缅甸，Facebook关闭了与一项系统性反罗兴亚人宣传活动有关的数百个网页和账户。
假新闻威胁民主制度
Fake news is now the poison in the bloodstream of our societies — destabilising democracy and undermining trust in institutions and the rule of law. It has become a powerful tool for profit or political gain at all levels, from villages to repressive regimes. In the west we have witnessed its power to distort public debates, fuel divisions and influence voters. In emerging and developing economies, it can generate violence. In these countries, where digital literacy is lower and democratic institutions more fragile, the rise of misinformation constitutes an urgent crisis.
现在，假新闻是我们社会的血液中流淌的毒药——假新闻破坏民主的稳定，破坏人们对制度和法治的信任。从村庄到专制政权，假新闻已经成为各个层级牟取经济或政治利益的有力工具。在西方，我们看到了假新闻能够扭曲公共辩论、加剧分裂和影响选民。在新兴国家和发展中国家，假新闻可以催生暴力。在这些国家，人们对数字资讯的分辨力较低，民主制度更为脆弱，错误资讯的兴起造成了一场迫在眉睫的危机。
④repressive [rɪ’presɪv] adj. 镇压的；压抑的；抑制的
例句：What is clear, however, is that in the repressive atmosphere of the time, the military regarded them as subversives.但是有一点可以肯定，在那个镇压的大环境下，军方认为他们是颠覆者。
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The threats will heighten as the weapons of deliberate disinformation become ever more sophisticated — from state-sponsored troll factories, to armies of bots and malicious content sowing community discord. With deepfake video manipulation technology, we are entering an era in which technology can make any thing look believable.
虚假资讯的威胁会变得更大，因为刻意捏造虚假资讯的手段正变得越来越巧妙——从国家支持的喷子工坊，僵尸程序，到煽动社会矛盾的恶意内容。有了能制作以假乱真视频的deepfake技术，我们正踏入一个技术能让任何事情看起来可信的时代。
⑤manipulation [mə,nɪpjʊ’leɪʃ(ə)n] n. 操纵；操作；处理；篡改
例句：It is only the manipulation of uncertainty that interests us.我们感兴趣的只是对不确定性的操纵。
“战胜假新闻”
If fake news is the poison, those who stand up for integrity and impartiality in news must be the antidote. At the BBC, we are always looking for new ways to live up to these responsibilities. We have introduced our international anti-disinformation initiative, Beyond Fake News. The BBC Reality Check is now part of our daily news output. We’re investing in 150 new local politics reporters around the UK.
如果假新闻是毒药，那些维护新闻真实性和公正性的人就是解毒剂了。BBC一直在寻找履行这些责任的新方法。我们发起了国际反捏造虚假资讯倡议——“战胜假新闻”(Beyond Fake News)。现在，“BBC事实核查”(The BBC Reality Check)栏目已经是我们每天新闻出版的固定内容。我们还向英国各地新派驻了150名地方政治记者。
⑥integrity [ɪn’tegrɪtɪ] n. 完整；正直；诚实；廉正
例句：I have always regarded him as a man of integrity.我一直把他当作一个正直诚实的人。
⑦impartiality[‘ɪm,pɑːʃɪ’ælətɪ]n. 公正，公平；不偏不倚
例句：As an impartial observer my analysis is supposed to be objective.作为中立的观察员,我的分析应该客观。
⑧antidote[‘æntɪdəʊt]n. 解毒剂；解药；矫正方法
例句：Massage is a wonderful antidote to stress.按摩是一种极妙的对抗压力的良方。
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Others in the media industry are also taking on fake news. But we are all playing catch-up with the information manipulators and the playbooks they have perfected. It’s time for all of us who believe that truth matters to come together around the values we share. The BBC has invited media organisations from across the world to join us at a special conference this summer to explore how we can tackle the global rise of misinformation, deliberate disinformation and bias. The goal is to make a concrete action plan that we can implement quickly.
媒体行业的其他人也在对假新闻开战。但我们所有人都是跟在信息操纵者和他们已经完善的套路屁股后面追。我们这些相信真相很重要的人是时候围绕着共同的价值观团结起来了。BBC邀请世界各地的媒体机构在今年夏天跟我们一起参加一场特别会议，讨论如何应对全球范围内错误资讯、刻意捏造的虚假资讯和偏见的传播。我们的目标是制定一个能迅速实施的具体行动计划。
⑨bias [‘baɪəs]n. 偏见；偏爱；斜纹vt. 使存偏见adj. 偏斜的adv. 偏斜地
例句：We mustn’t allow it to bias our teaching.我们不允许它使我们的教学产生偏见。
The response has been encouraging: newspaper groups, technology companies and social media platforms are taking part. At the recent World Economic Forum, I found a powerful groundswell of support for the initiative.
各方的回应令人鼓舞：新闻集团、科技公司、社交媒体平台都愿意参与。在最近一次的世界经济论坛(WEF)上，我看到各方纷纷大力支持这项倡议。
⑩groundswell [‘graʊn(d),swel] n. 海啸；地隆
例句：Despite the decision about capital punishment taken in Parliament, the groundswell of opinion seems to be in favour of reintroducing it.尽管议会通过了这个关于死刑的决定，但大多数的意见似乎是赞成恢复死刑。
Identifying practical measures to adopt will be tough. But failure will be measured in the corrosion of democratic values and, in some places, lost lives. We must act now, collectively, to turn the tide.
确定要采用什么样的可行措施可能是困难的。但如果失败，我们会看到民主价值观被侵蚀，在某些地方我们还会看到有人失去生命。我们必须立即齐心协力采取行动来扭转局面。
⑪corrosion [kə’rəʊʒ(ə)n] n. 腐蚀；腐蚀产生的物质；衰败
例句：Do not do this as this might cause breakage , deformation and corrosion of the chain.别这样做，因为这可能会导致这个链条的破损、变形和腐蚀。
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