After america and its allies toppled the Taliban in 2001, primary-school enrolment of Afghan girls rose from 0% to above 80%. Infant mortality fell by half. Forced marriage was made illegal. Many of those schools were ropy, and many families ignored the law. But no one seriously doubts that Afghan women and girls have made great gains in the past 20 years, or that those gains are now in jeopardy.
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2001年，美国及其盟友推翻了塔利班政权，之后阿富汗的小学女生入学率从0%跃升至80%以上，婴儿死亡率降低了一半，强迫婚姻也被认定为非法行为。虽然很多学校办学条件不尽人意，很多家庭对相关法律也置若罔闻，但毋庸置疑，过去20年间，阿富汗妇女和女童的权益有了很大提升。然而同样毋庸置疑的是，这些权益现在岌岌可危。
The United States is “committed to advancing gender equality” through its foreign policy, according to the State Department. Bequeathing billions of dollars-worth of arms and a medium-size country to a group of violent misogynists is an odd way to show it. Of course, foreign policy involves difficult trade-offs. But there is growing evidence that Hillary Clinton was on to something when she said, a decade ago, that “The subjugation of women is…a threat to the common security of our world.” Societies that oppress women are far more likely to be violent and unstable.
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美国国务院表示，通过其外交政策，美国“致力于促进性别平等”。然而把价值几十亿的武器和一个中等大小的国家拱手送给一帮暴力的厌女分子，这操作令人费解。当然，外交政策背后涉及艰难的权衡取舍，但越来越多的证据表明，希拉里·克林顿（Hillary Clinton）十年前说的话不无道理，“对女性的压迫……对全世界的共同安全构成了威胁”。压迫女性的社会更容易滋生暴力，引发动荡。
There are several possible reasons for this. In many places girls are selectively aborted or fatally neglected. This has led to skewed sex ratios, which mean millions of young men are doomed to remain single. Frustrated young men are more likely to commit violent crimes or join rebel groups. Recruiters for Boko Haram and Islamic State know this, and promise them “wives” as the spoils of war. Polygamy also creates a surplus of single young men. Multiple wives for men at the top means brooding bachelorhood for those at the bottom.
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原因可能有以下几点。在许多地区，女孩会在尚存腹中时被故意堕胎，或因疏忽而丧命。这便导致性别比例失衡，使数百万年轻男性不得不打光棍。失意之下，这些男性更有可能实施暴力犯罪，或加入叛乱组织。“博科圣地”和“伊斯兰国”的征兵人员深谙于此，因而许诺用“老婆”作为战利品。一夫多妻制也导致单身汉过剩。上层男性妻妾成群，这就意味着底层的单身汉会更多。
注释：
1. BokoHaram
博科圣地，活跃在非洲尼日利亚一带的恐怖组织。正式名称是致力传播先知教导及圣战人民军(英语: People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad)。主张在尼日利亚推行宗教法律，反对西方的教育，被称为“尼日利亚的塔利班”。其发源地迈杜古里的居民以豪萨语称呼该组织为Boko Haram，大意为“禁止西方教育”。2015年3月7日，博科圣地发布声明，宣布效忠恐怖组织“伊斯兰国ISIS组织”。
2. IslamicState
伊斯兰国，全称为“伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国” (英语：Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham，简称ISIS)，是一个自称建国的活跃在伊拉克和叙利亚的极端恐怖组织。
All conflicts have complex causes. But it may be no coincidence that Kashmir has one of the most unbalanced sex ratios in India, or that all of the 20 most turbulent countries on the Fragile States index compiled by the Fund for Peace in Washington practise polygamy. In Guinea, where a coup took place on September 5th, 42% of married women aged 15-49 are in polygamous unions. China’s police state keeps a lid on its many surplus men, but its neighbours sometimes wonder whether their aggression may some day seek an outlet.
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一切冲突背后的成因都错综复杂。然而，克什米尔是印度性别比最失衡的地区之一；且华盛顿的和平基金会编制的脆弱国家指数中，动荡程度最高的20个国家均实行一夫多妻制——这些或许都并非巧合。就在9月5日，几内亚刚刚爆发政变，该国15-49岁的已婚女性中42%都奉从一夫多妻制。
注释：
Fragile States index
原名为Failed States Index，现已更名为Fragile States Index。自2005年起由美国《外交政策》双月刊和美国和平基金会Fund for Peace共同编制。其每年根据各种社会, 经济, 政治和军事指标，就各国总体的社会稳定性进行排名。走向失败的国家有几个特征，最常见的特征是丧失对领土的实际控制，或者无法完全掌握合法动用武力的权利等。
详见官网:
Outside rich democracies, the male kinship group is still the basic unit of many societies. Such groups emerged largely for self-defence: male cousins would unite to repel outsiders. Today, they mostly cause trouble. Tit-for-tat clan feuds spatter blood across the Middle East and the Sahel. Tribes compete to control the state, often violently, so they can divvy up jobs and loot among their kin. Those states become corrupt and dysfunctional, alienating citizens and boosting support for jihadists who promise to govern more justly.
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在富裕的民主国家以外，以血缘为纽带的男权氏族依然是许多社会的基本组成单元。出于自卫的目的，这些族群得以形成：堂表兄弟们联合起来抵御外敌。如今，这种关系则大多会引发问题。以牙还牙的氏族宿怨让中东和萨赫勒血流成河。部落之间竞争国家的控制权（通常是以暴力的形式），以便和亲属一同瓜分权力和赃物。这些国家腐败横行、机能失调、民心所离，圣战分子获得了更多支持，承诺将以更公正的方式治国。
注释：
1.Tit-for-tat 以牙还牙
Societies based on male bonding tend to subjugate women. Fathers choose whom their daughters will marry. Often there is a bride price—the groom’s family pay what are sometimes hefty sums to the bride’s family. This gives fathers an incentive to make their daughters marry early. It is not a small problem. Dowries or bride prices are common in half the world’s countries. A fifth of the world’s young women were married before the age of 18; a twentieth before 15. Child brides are more likely to drop out of school, less able to stand up to abusive husbands and less likely to raise healthy, well-educated children.
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在以父权为纽带建立起的社会中，女性往往处于臣服者的地位。父亲替女儿选择结婚对象。通常要收彩礼——新郎家需向女方支付一大笔钱款，这也无形中促使父亲们尽早地嫁女儿。这不是一个小问题。嫁妆和彩礼在世界上的半数国家里都很普遍。世界上五分之一的年轻女性在18岁前结婚，5%的人在15岁前就嫁为人妇。童婚新娘更容易辍学，更没有对抗暴虐丈夫的能力，也更不可能带出健康、有教养的后代。
注释：
subjugate:to bring under control and governance as a subject; CONQUER; to make submissive: SUBDUE
Researchers at Texas a&m and Brigham Young universities compiled a global index of pre-modern attitudes to women, including sexist family laws, unequal property rights, early marriage for girls, patrilocal marriage, polygamy, bride prices, son preference, violence against women and legal indulgence of it (for example, can a rapist escape punishment by marrying his victim?). It turned out to be highly correlated with violent instability in a country.
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德克萨斯农工大学和杨百翰大学的研究人员编制了一项近代对待女性态度的全球指数，包括含有性别歧视的家庭法、不平等的财产权、女童早婚、从夫居婚姻、一夫多妻制、彩礼、重男轻女、对妇女的暴力行为以及法律的纵容（例如，强奸犯可以通过和受害者结婚来逃避惩罚吗）等。事实证明，它与一个国家的暴力不稳定程度息息相关。
注释：
patrilocal: 婚后居住在男方家的
Various lessons can be drawn from this. In addition to their usual analytical tools, policymakers should study geopolitics through the prism of sex. That index of sexist customs, had it existed 20 years ago, would have warned them how hard nation-building would be in Afghanistan and Iraq. Today, it suggests that stability cannot be taken for granted in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan or even India.
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这种相关性给我们以启迪。除了常规分析工具外，政策制定者还应该从性别角度来研究地缘政治。如果20年前就有性别歧视习俗指数，就会提醒在阿富汗和伊拉克建设国家会有多么艰难。如今，该指数提醒人们，在沙特阿拉伯、巴基斯坦甚至是印度，稳定性都不能被视为是理所当然的事。
Peace talks should include women. Between 1992 and 2019, only 13% of negotiators and 6% of signatories of peace deals were female. Yet peace tends to last longer when women are at the table. This may be because they are more ready to compromise; or perhaps because a room without women implies a stitch-up between the men with guns without input from non-combatants. Liberia got this right and ended a ghastly civil war; Afghanistan’s new rulers have not.
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和平谈判的参与者应该包括女性。1992年至2019年之间，仅有13%的谈判者和6%的和平协议签署者是女性。然而，当有女性参与谈判时，和平往往会持续更久。这或许与女性更情愿妥协有关，又或者，由于更倾向于非暴力沟通的女性缺席谈判，驰骋疆场的男人们达成的协议也往往更具攻击性。利比里亚因为在这方面做得很好，而终结了一场可怕的内战；阿富汗的新统治者就未能做到这一点。
More broadly, governments should mean it when they say they want to liberate half of humanity. Educate girls, many of whom have quit school to work or marry since covid-19 impoverished their families. Enforce bans on child marriage and on female genital mutilation, hard though that is in remote villages. Do not recognise polygamy. Equalise inheritance rights. Teach boys not to hit women. Introduce public pensions, which undermine the tradition whereby couples are expected to live with the man’s parents, because the elderly have no other means of support.
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由点及面，各国政府不能只将解放女性挂在嘴边，而应真心付诸行动。新冠疫情让普通家庭陷入贫困，许多女孩因此辍学或被迫嫁人，应该让女孩子们重返课堂。应该明令禁止童婚及割礼等陋习，尽管在偏远山村执行难度很大。应该废除一夫多妻制，在继承上实现男女平等。应该从小教育男孩子不打女人。应该引入公共养老金制度，为老年人的生活提供保障，逐步弱化夫妻应与公婆同住的传统。
Most of these are tasks for national governments, but outsiders have some influence. Since Western donors started harping on about girls’ education, more girls have gone to school (primary enrolment has risen from 64% in 1970 to nearly 90% today). Campaigners against early marriage have prompted more than 50 countries to raise the minimum age since 2000. Boys need to learn about non-violence from local mentors, but ideas about how to design such programmes are shared through a global network of charities and think-tanks. Donors such as usaid and the World Bank have done a fair job of promoting property rights for women, even if their Afghan efforts are about to go up in smoke.
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上述大多任务都应由各国政府完成，不过政府之外也有一定成效。自打西方捐助机构开始屡次三番地谈论女孩教育问题，上学的女孩已经多了许多（小学入学率已从1970年的64%上升到如今的近90%）。自2000年以来，在反对早婚人士的倡导下，已有50多个国家提高了最低婚龄。男孩们需要从当地导师那里学习如何避免暴力行为，而此类课程的设计方案，则由遍布全球的慈善机构和智囊团共享。尽管美国国际开发署（USAID）和世界银行（World Bank）等捐助机构在阿富汗的努力即将化为泡影，但在提升妇女财产所有权方面确实有所建树。
注释：
美国国际开发署（United States Agency for International Development，缩写：USAID），是承担美国大部分对外非军事援助的联邦政府机构。美国国际开发署作为一个独立的联邦机构，依照美国国务院的外交政策，力求为海外那些为过上美好生活而努力、进行着灾后重建、以及为求生活于民主自由之国家而奋斗的人们提供帮助。——摘自百科。
The radical notion
前卫观点
Foreign policy should not be naive. Countries have vital interests, and need to deter foes. Geopolitics should not be viewed solely through a feminist lens, any more than it should be viewed solely in terms of economics or nuclear non-proliferation. But policymakers who fail to consider the interests of half the population cannot hope to understand the world.
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外交政策不可儿戏。国家自有切身利益，威慑敌人实属必要。我们不应仅从女权主义角度谈论地缘政治，也不应单从经济或防止核扩散的角度来看。但决策者如果不考虑女性利益，就别想理解这个世界。
注释：
any more than：这个词组可以用来连结两个句子，两句都是表示否定，但第一句用否定形式表示否定，第二句则用肯定形式表示否定（这一点很重要）；两句之间的any more than用来表示：前一句的否定，同后一句的否定同等强烈。-摘自英语常用词疑难用法手册。
翻译组：
Rachel，小乌龟的妈妈
Hannah，女，做个废柴，保持愉快
Trista，女，暴富不是梦想，是未来的现实
Jessie，女，翻译界林黛玉，想被人叫大佬
Linda，女，帝都金融民工，梦想成为翻译家
Diamond，理工科永久性脑损伤，做最高谈阔论的低语者
校对组：
Luc，男，在北京，喜欢睡觉（翻译校对）
Yuqing，女，理想主义体验派，经济学人读者
Diamond，理工科永久性脑损伤，做最高谈阔论的低语者
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